Chapter II#
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“IXC and PSINet Agree on 20-Year Network Deal.” New York Times, July 24, 1997.
Lewis, Peter H. “Company News; Microsoft’s Next Move Is on Line.” New York Times, January 13, 1995.
Lewis, Peter H. “Uunet and MFS Plan to Merge as Internet Meets Fiber Optics.” New York Times, May 1, 1996.
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Zuckerman, Laurence. “Innovator Is Leaving the Shadows for the Limelight.” New York Times, July 17, 1995.
Chapter III#
Andrews, Edmund L. “Company News; AT&T Completes Deal to Buy McCaw Cellular.” New York Times, September 20, 1994.
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Schiesel, Seth. “Qwest Set to Acquire LCI for $4.4 Billion in Stock.” New York Times, March 10, 1998.
Schiesel, Seth. “The Markets: Market Place; Merger Deal with Plenty of Intrigue.” New York Times, July 22, 1999.
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Chapter IV#
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Blumenstein, Rebecca. “AT&T to Buy Vanguard Cellular in a Deal Valued at $900 Million.” Wall Street Journal, October 6, 1998.
Blumenstein, Rebecca. “AT&T to Offer Concert Services of British Telecommunications.” Wall Street Journal, October 8, 1998.
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Braga, Michael. “WorldCom Defends Deal with Intermedia.” Tampa Bay Times, October 19, 2000.
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“Company News; Williams Communications and Parent to Trade Assets.” New York Times, March 1, 2001.
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Lipin, Steven, and Leslie Cauley. “WorldCom Reaches Pact to Buy MFS in $14.4 Billion Stock Deal.” Wall Street Journal, August 26, 1996.
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Lublin, Joann S., and Quentin Hardy. “Motorola’s Jack Scanlon Quits To Run Start-Up Global Crossing.” Wall Street Journal, April 1, 1998.
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Naik, Gautam. “Builder of MFS Decides to Sell His Company within an Hour.” Wall Street Journal, August 27, 1996.
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“Qwest Completes Purchase of U S West.” New York Times, July 3, 2000.
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Romero, Simon. “Technology; PSINet Faces Cash Squeeze and May Seek Bankruptcy.” New York Times, April 4, 2001.
Romero, Simon. “WorldCom and Sprint End Their $115 Billion Merger.” New York Times, July 14, 2000.
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Schiesel, Seth. “MCI-Worldcom Match: How They’ll Fit, or Won’t.” New York Times, October 3, 1997.
Schiesel, Seth. “SBC to Acquire Stake in Unit of Williams.” New York Times, February 9, 1999.
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Schiesel, Seth. “The Markets: Market Place; 2 Big Names Said to Drop Idea of Bidding for WorldCom.” New York Times, February 6, 2002.
Schiesel, Seth. “The Markets: Market Place; Merger Deal with Plenty of Intrigue.” New York Times, July 22, 1999.
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Chapter V#
“3 Ex-Officials of Global Crossing Are Fined in SEC Settlement.” New York Times, April 13, 2005.
“360networks Acquires Touch America.” Photonics Spectra, January 19, 2004.
“360networks Agrees to Sale of Canadian Assets for $205M.” Puget Sound Business Journal, May 26, 2004.
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“AT&T Spins Off Its Wireless Unit Today.” Los Angeles Times, July 9, 2001.
Barakat, Matthew. “XO Warns Bankruptcy Is Imminent.” Midland Daily News, March 28, 2002.
Bellamy, Clayton. “Williams Comm. CEO Blames Tech. Meltdown for Share Drop.” Wall Street Journal, April 26, 2002.
Berman, Dennis K. “Ex-Global Crossing Official Says ‘Roundtripping’ Skewed Results.” Wall Street Journal, February 6, 2002.
Berman, Dennis K. “Global Crossing Stayed Silent on Early Accounting Warning.” Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2002.
Berman, Dennis K. “Telecom Investors Envision Potential in Failed Networks.” Wall Street Journal, August 14, 2003.
Berman, Dennis K., Phillip Day, and Henry Sender. “Global Crossing Files for Chapter 11, Plans to Reorganize with Asia Firms.” Wall Street Journal, January 29, 2002.
Blumenstein, Rebecca. “WorldCom’s CEO Ebbers Resigns amid Board Pressure over Probe.” Wall Street Journal, April 30, 2002.
Branigin, William. “Gary Winnick, Global Crossing Founder at Center of Epic Rise and Fall, Dies at 76.” Washington Post, November 14, 2023.
Braude, Nicholas P. “WorldCom Gets Court Approval to Sell Ranch Seized from Ex-CEO.” Wall Street Journal, July 2003.
Brin, Dinah Wisenberg. “Williams Communications Aims to Emerge from Bankruptcy Quickly.” Wall Street Journal, April 24, 2002.
Cauley, Leslie. “Armstrong’s Vision of Cable Empire at AT&T Unravels on the Ground.” Wall Street Journal, October 18, 2000.
“Company News; Leucadia Offers $365 Million for Rest of Wiltel.” New York Times, May 16, 2003.
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Deogun, Nikhil, and Deborah Solomon. “Comcast Makes Offer for AT&T Broadband.” Wall Street Journal, July 9, 2001.
Deogun, Nikhil, and Deborah Solomon. “Surprising Comcast Offer May Give AT&T Breakup an Unexpected Push.” Wall Street Journal, July 10, 2001.
Dooley, John. “For Some Telecom Firms, Cost Cuts Haven’t Fixed Credit.” Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2001.
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Eichenwald, Kurt. “For WorldCom, Acquisitions Were Behind Its Rise and Fall.” New York Times, August 8, 2002.
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“Ex-WorldCom Executive Sullivan Pleads Guilty to Conspiracy.” Wall Street Journal, June 9, 2004.
“As Shares Sank, Some Executives Shed Costly Toys.” New York Times, March 24, 2002.
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Feldman, Amy, and Joan Caplin. “Is Jack Grubman the Worst Analyst Ever?” CNN Money, April 25, 2002.
“Former Qwest Executives Indicted for Fraud.” New York Times, February 25, 2003.
“Former WorldCom CFO Sullivan Receives Five-Year Prison Sentence.” Wall Street Journal, August 12, 2005.
Frosch, Dan. “Closing Arguments Begin in Trial of Ex-Qwest Chief.” New York Times, April 11, 2007.
Frosch, Dan. “Ex-Chief at Qwest Found Guilty of Insider Trading.” New York Times, April 20, 2007.
“Genuity Is Left on the Launching Pad.” Forbes, June 6, 2013.
Gilpin, Kenneth N. “Qwest Discloses US Attorney Is Investigating the Company.” New York Times, July 10, 2002.
Gilpin, Kenneth N. “WorldCom Changes Its Name and Emerges from Bankruptcy.” New York Times, April 20, 2004.
“Global Crossing Memos Released.” New York Times, September 20, 2002.
“GM CEO Ed Whitacre to Step Down Sept. 1.” CBS News*,* August 12, 2010.
Gold, Russell. “Worst 1-Year Performer: Williams.” Wall Street Journal, March 10, 2003.
Goodman, Peter S., and Renae Merle. “End of Its Merger Run Led to WorldCom’s Fall.” Washington Post, June 29, 2002.
Griffin, Greg. “The Case against Joe Nacchio.” Denver Post, April 11, 2007.
Hays, Constance L. “Prosecuting Martha Stewart: The Overview; Martha Stewart Indicted by US on Obstruction.” New York Times, June 5, 2003.
Hendricks, David. “Retired AT&T Chief Ed Whitacre Set to Lead GM.” SFGate, June 24, 2009.
“International Business; 360networks Misses Payment.” New York Times, June 16, 2001.
“Interview: Cynthia Cooper, Sherron Watkins, Coleen Rowley.” Time, December 30, 2002.
Jander, Mary. “Corvis & Broadwing: Together at Last.” LightReading, February 25, 2003.
Kapner, Suzanne. “AT&T and British Telecom Will Shut Down Joint Venture.” New York Times, October 17, 2001.
Kennedy, Peter. “360net Buying Dynegy’s Network.” Globe and Mail, April 1, 2003.
Kerven, Anne. “MFN Lands $611 M, Moves Execs, Lowers Guidance.” EEWorld Online, October 1, 2001.
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Landler, Mark. “For Salomon, as Adviser, Millions Plus Revenge.” New York Times, October 3, 1997.
Latour, Almar, and Dennis K. Berman. “Verizon Takeover of MCI Approved for $6.8 Billion.” Wall Street Journal, February 14, 2005.
Latour, Almar, and Shawn Young. “Boards of SBC and AT&T Approve $16 Billion Deal.” Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2005.
Latour, Almar, and Shawn Young. “Ebbers Denies He Knew about WorldCom’s Fraud.” Wall Street Journal, March 1, 2005.
Latour, Almar, and Shawn Young. “Ebbers Offers Wave of Denial on the Stand.” Wall Street Journal, March 2, 2005.
Latour, Almar, and Shawn Young. “Ebbers Trial Gets Under Way In US Court.” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2005.
Latour, Almar, and Shawn Young. “Next Call for Ebbers: A Verdict.” Wall Street Journal, March 4, 2005.
Latour, Almar, and Shawn Young. “WorldCom Ex-Finance Chief Says He Told CEO of Accounting Issues.” Wall Street Journal, February 9, 2005.
Latour, Almar, Shawn Young, and Li Yuan. “Ebbers Convicted in Massive Fraud.” Wall Street Journal, March 16, 2005.
Latour, Almar, Susan Pulliam, and Shawn Young. “WorldCom Testimony Heats Up.” Wall Street Journal, February 8, 2005.
Latour, Almar. “Meet the New TV Guy.” Wall Street Journal, November 23, 2004.
“Level 3 Acquires CorpSoft for $89M.” LightReading, February 25, 2002.
“Level 3 Communications Will Buy Back Up to $1.8 Billion in Long-Term Debt.” Wall Street Journal, September 11, 2001.
“Level 3 Plans to Buy Software Distributor Company Insists Purchase Fits within Plans.” Denver Post, February 26, 2002.
“Level 3 Reports Jump in Sales but Posts Wide Loss on Charges.” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2001.
“Level 3 Shopping Spree Stalls.” Forbes, July 29, 2002.
Ling, Connie. “Level 3 Exits Asia with Sale of Assets to Reach Venture.” Wall Street Journal, December 20, 2001.
“Ma Bell’s New Offspring.” CNN Money, October 25, 2000.
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“MCI Emerges from Bankruptcy.” NBC News, April 20, 2004.
Meisner, Jeff. “Another Spin at 360.” Puget Sound Business Journal, September 15, 2002.
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Morgenson, Gretchen. “Telecom, Tangled in Its Own Web.” New York Times, March 24, 2002.
Morgenson, Gretchen. “Telecom’s Pied Piper: Whose Side Was He On?” New York Times, November 18, 2001.
“Net-Services Firm Genuity to Buy France’s Integra for $113.7 Million.” Wall Street Journal, June 1, 2001.
Noguchi, Yuki. “Cogent to Buy US Division of PSINet.” Washington Post, February 27, 2002.
Nuzum, Christine, and Chad Bray. “Prosecutors Urge Jurors to Convict ‘Corrupted’ Ex-WorldCom CEO.” Wall Street Journal, March 3, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine, and Susan Pulliam. “WorldCom’s Ex-Controller Deals Blow to Ebbers’s Defense.” Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine. “Ex-WorldCom Chairman, Whistle-Blower Say Ebbers Didn’t Know about Fraud.” Wall Street Journal, February 25, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine. “Former WorldCom Controller Says He Used Improper Accounting.” Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine. “Former WorldCom Executive Myers Says Ebbers Feared Being Wiped Out.” Wall Street Journal, January 31, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine. “Former WorldCom Finance Chief: Ebbers Ordered to Hide Information.” Wall Street Journal, February 11, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine. “Metromedia Fiber Files for Bankruptcy Protection.” Wall Street Journal, May 20, 2002.
Nuzum, Christine. “Prosecutor Claims Ebbers Told Lies to Inflate WorldCom Stock Price.” Wall Street Journal, January 26, 2005.
Nuzum, Christine. “Two Challenge Ebbers’s Defense in Testimony in WorldCom Case.” Wall Street Journal, February 3, 2005.
O’Brien, Timothy L. “WorldCom to Exit Bankruptcy and Change Name to MCI.” New York Times, April 14, 2003.
Pacelle, Mitchell, and Dennis Berman. “Level 3 to Pay $242 Million for Most of Genuity Assets.” Wall Street Journal, November 29, 2002.
Pacelle, Mitchell, and Elliot Spagat. “Level 3 Makes Bold $1.1 Billion Bid to Buy Williams Communications.” Wall Street Journal, July 24, 2002.
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Pham, Alex, and David Colker. “Global Crossing Ex-Execs to Pay $324 Million.” Los Angeles Times, March 20, 2004.
“Playing Defense.” Wall Street Journal, March 4, 2005.
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Quigley, Kelly. “Focal Emerges as Private Company.” Crain’s Chicago Business, July 8, 2003.
“Reactions Mixed to Buffett’s Level 3 Deal Some Wonder If Telecom Field Still Too Risky.” Denver Post, July 9, 2002.
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Romero, Simon, and Seth Schiesel. “The Fiber Optic Fantasy Slips Away.” New York Times, February 17, 2002.
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Romero, Simon. “Technology; Global Crossing Warns on Revenue and Appoints a Chief.” New York Times, October 5, 2001.
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Schiesel, Seth. “2 Companies Agree to Buy Control of Global Crossing.” New York Times, August 10, 2002.
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“Shareholders Sue Metromedia.” LightReading, August 23, 2001.
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Solomon, Deborah. “How Upstart Qwest’s Merger with Baby Bell Led to Trouble.” Wall Street Journal, April 2, 2002.
Solomon, Deborah. “Woes of Level 3, Williams Raise Fears of Growing Telecom Sector Shakeout.” Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2002.
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“Technology Briefing | Telecommunications: Executive Buys Stake in Metromedia Fiber.” New York Times, July 18, 2003.
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Chapter VI#
“A Nation Challenged; Telecom Concern Trims Outlook.” New York Times, September 26, 2001.
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Backover, Andrew. “Chief of Embattled ICG Resigns.” Denver Post, August 23, 2000.
Backover, Andrew. “ICG’s New Team Sees a Data-Services Future.” Denver Post, May 15, 2000.
Beauprez, Jennifer. “ICG Gets Capital to Fuel Growth.” Denver Post, February 29, 2000.
Casselman, Ben. “Fiber-Optics Pioneer Says: Buy Florida, Sell Maryland.” Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2006.
Cauley, Leslie. “Cincinnati Bell Plans to Acquire IXC for $2.2 Billion Plus $1 Billion in Debt.” Wall Street Journal, July 22, 1999.
“Ciena Corp. Built on Dreams, Risks Decision.” Baltimore Sun, August 16, 1998.
“Cincinnati Bell to Acquire IXC Communications.” Fiber Optics Online. 1999.
“Communications: The Next Wave.” Forbes, October 6, 1997.
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Dresser, Michael. “ACSI Moves Quietly.” Baltimore Sun, October 3, 1995.
Dugan, Ianthe Jeanne, and Ariana Eunjung Cha. “AOL to Acquire Time Warner in Record $183 Billion Merger.” Washington Post, January 11, 2000.
Ernst, Steve. “GST Anticipates Profitability for First Time.” Puget Sound Business Journal, June 6, 1999.
Gara, Antoine. “Verizon to Buy XO Communications’ Fiber Business for $1.8B from Billionaire Carl Icahn.” Forbes, February 22, 2016.
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“XO Hires GlobalX-er as CEO.” LightReading, April 28, 2003.
Chapter VII#
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Benoit, David. “Corvex Builds Stake in CenturyLink.” Wall Street Journal, May 8, 2017.
Berman, Dennis K. and Shawn Young. “Level 3 Adds to Telecom Network with $1 Billion Deal for TelCove.” Wall Street Journal, May 1, 2006.
Buckley, Sean. “Zayo Acquires Allstream for $348M, Gains Instant Canadian Fiber Presence.” Fierce Network, November 23, 2015.
Buckley, Sean. “Zayo Acquires Optic Zoo Networks for $25M, Deepens Canadian Fiber Footprint.” Fierce Network, January 23, 2018.
“CenturyLink Buying Qwest with Stock.” Forbes, April 22, 2010.
“CenturyLink Transforms, Rebrands as Lumen.” Lumen News Details, September 14, 2020.
“CenturyTel and EMBARQ Agree to Merge.” Lumen News Releases, October 27, 2008.
Chuang, Tamara. “Colorado’s Level 3 Communications Is No More, as CenturyLink Closes $30B Purchase.” Denver Post, November 1, 2017.
Chuang, Tamara. “Faster Internet Feeds Boulder’s Zayo: IPO Jumps 16 Percent.” Denver Post, October 17, 2014.
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“James Q. Crowe, Telecommunications Pioneer, Dies at 74.” PR Newswire, July 7, 2023.
“Jeff Storey to Succeed Jim Crowe as Level 3 CEO after ‘Fast Search.’” Denver Post, April 11, 2013.
Kosman, Josh. “NY Fiber Firm Buy in Works.” New York Post, June 15, 2011.
Le Maistre, Ray. “How Zayo Spent $3.7B on Acquisitions.” LightReading, July 4, 2014.
“Lee Jobe, Career Telecom Exec, Dies.” Channel Futures, February 27, 2010.
“Level 3 Closes Genuity Purchase at Lower Price.” Wall Street Journal, February 5, 2003.
“Level 3 Communications to Buy Rival WilTel.” Wall Street Journal, November 1, 2005.
“Level 3 President’s Departure Surprises.” Denver Post, March 10, 2008.
“Level 3 to Acquire Looking Glass.” Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2006.
“Level 3 to Buy Broadwing in Deal Worth $1.4 Billion.” Wall Street Journal, October 17, 2006.
“Lumen Announces CEO Transition.” PR Newswire, September 13, 2022.
Marshall, Barbara. “Meet Wellington’s Royal Couple of Polo.” Palm Beach Post, May 11, 2012.
Mukherjee, Supantha. “AboveNet CEO Keen to Make His First Acquisition.” Reuters, October 21, 2011.
Noland, Kim. “Failure to Launch.” Wall Street Journal, October 29, 2007.
Ovide, Shira. “Level 3-Global Crossing Deal: Reaction Roundup.” Wall Street Journal, April 11, 2011.
Powell, Rob. “AMP Capital Announces Entry into a Definitive Agreement to Purchase Everstream.” Telecom Ramblings, March 8, 2018.
Powell, Rob. “Antin to Buy FirstLight Fiber.” Telecom Ramblings, February 21, 2018.
Powell, Rob. “Brookfield Matches Macquarie Again for Cincinnati Bell.” Telecom Ramblings, March 4, 2020.
Powell, Rob. “Crown Castle Announces Agreement to Acquire Sunesys.” Telecom Ramblings, April 30, 2105.
Powell, Rob. “Crown Castle Makes Another Fiber Move, Buys FPL Fibernet.” Telecom Ramblings, November 1, 2016.
Powell, Rob. “Digital Colony Powers Beanfield Buy of Aptum’s Metro.” Telecom Ramblings, May 7, 2020.
Powell, Rob. “Enel Buys into Ufinet.” Telecom Ramblings, June 28, 2018.
Powell, Rob. “EQT Adds to Fiber Portfolio, Buys inexio.” Telecom Ramblings, October 2, 2019.
Powell, Rob. “EQT: IP-Only and GlobalConnect to Merge.” Telecom Ramblings, November 22, 2019.
Powell, Rob. “Jeff Storey Resurfaces at Level 3.” Telecom Ramblings, December 5, 2008.
Powell, Rob. “Level 3 Closes Global Crossing Deal, Plans Reverse Stock Spit.” Telecom Ramblings, October 4, 2011.
Powell, Rob. “Lumos and Spirit Are Now Segra.” Telecom Ramblings, January 15, 2019.
Powell, Rob. “Macquarie to Acquire Bluebird, Swap with Uniti.” Telecom Ramblings, January 15, 2019.
Powell, Rob. “Ridgemont Moves into Cross River Fiber.” Telecom Ramblings, August 13, 2014.
Powell, Rob. “SSE Enterprise Telecoms Sells 50% Stake to Infracapital.” Telecom Ramblings, December 21, 2018.
Powell, Rob. “Stonepeak Closes Deal with Lumen, Launching Cirion.” Telecom Ramblings, August 2, 2022.
Powell, Rob. “Stonepeak to Acquire Lumen’s Latin American Business.” Telecom Ramblings, July 26, 2021.
Powell, Rob. “Telia to Sell Telia Carrier.” Telecom Ramblings, October 6, 2020.
Powell, Rob. “TPG to Acquire Both RCN and Grande from ABRY.” Telecom Ramblings, August 15, 2016.
Powell, Rob. “Wilcon Sells to Crown Castle.” Telecom Ramblings, April 17, 2017.
Rooney, Ben. “CenturyTel, Qwest in $10.6 Billion Merger.” CNN Money, April 22, 2010.
Rose, Frank. “Surviving the Fiber-Optic Fire Sale.” Wired, November 1, 2002.
Samtani, Hiten. “How Marc Ganzi Bet Colony Capital’s Future on the Next-Gen Economy.” Real Deal, May 17, 2021.
SDC Capital Partners. “SDC Capital Partners Closes Minority Investment in Bandwidth Infrastructure Group.” October 16, 2020. https://www.sdccapitalpartners.com/news/newsinfo/sdc-capital-partners-closes-minority-investment-in-bandwidth-infrastructure-group.
Shumsky, Tatyana. “CFO Exit Dings CenturyLink’s Market Value.” Wall Street Journal, September 25, 2018.
Solomon, Deborah. “Woes of Level 3, Williams Raise Fears of Growing Telecom Sector Shakeout.” Wall Street Journal, January 30, 2002.
“Stonepeak Infrastructure Partners Completes Transaction to Acquire Majority Interest in euNetworks.” Business Wire, January 18, 2018.
Tan, Gillian, Kiel Porter, and Nabila Ahmed. “Zayo Is Said to Attract Blackstone-Stonepeak Group Interest.” Bloomberg News, November 18, 2018.
“Telecom Zayo Set for Launch.” Denver Post, August 29, 2007.
USA Today US Edition, October 16, 2014.
Vuong, Andy. “Former Level 3 CEO Crowe Plots Next Move: ‘I Don’t Use the “R” Word.’” Denver Post, August 23, 2013.
Vuong, Andy. “Level 3’s CFO Will Step Down.” Denver Post, October 15, 2007.
“Zayo Closes Acquisition of Electric Lightwave.” Zayo Press Release, March 1, 2017.
“Zayo Closes Acquisition of Spread Networks.” Zayo Press Release. February 28, 2018.
“Zayo Completes 360networks Acquisition.” Denver Post, December 2, 2011.
“Zayo Completes Transition to a Private Company.” Zayo Press Release, March 9, 2020.
Appendix 3: More Bandwidth Stories#
“$60M Deal Will Give Them Liberty Cable.” New York Daily News, April 1, 1996.
“Adelphia Changes Hyperion Name.” Pittsburgh Business Times, July 2, 1999.
“Adelphias Hyperion Unit Files for $150m IPO.” Multichannel News, April 5, 1998.
“All The Reasons Chuck Watson Did Not Resign.” Forbes, May 29, 2002.
“Allstream Sale to Accelero Rejected over ‘National Security.’” CBC, October 7, 2013.
“AT&T to Buy Velocita Assets.” Wall Street Journal, November 8, 2002.
Barboza, David, and Barnaby J. Feder. “Enron’s Many Strands: The Transactions; Enron’s Swap with Qwest Is Questioned.” New York Times, March 29, 2002.
Barrionuevo, Alexei. “Enron Chiefs Guilty of Fraud and Conspiracy.” New York Times, May 25, 2006.
Barrionuevo, Alexei. “Ex-Enron Chief Is Sentenced to 24 Years.” New York Times, October 23, 2006.
Behr, Peter. “Broadband Strategy Got Enron in Trouble.” Washington Post, January 1, 2002.
Beltran, Eamon. “McLeodUSA to Sell Unit for $271M, Will Reduce Bank Loans.” Wall Street Journal, July 22, 2002.
“Berkshire Partners to Lead $2 Billion Merger of Lightower, Sidera.” Reuters, December 27, 2012.
Berman, Dennis K. “Paetec Aims to Be a Force with McLeod Deal.” Wall Street Journal, September 17, 2007.
Blumenstein, Rebecca, and Solange De Santis. “AT&T to Merge Canadian Unit, MetroNet in $2.4 Billion Accord.” Wall Street Journal, March 5, 1999.
Brown, Matthew L. “Lightower Closes Veroxity Acquisition.” Worcester Business Journal, September 7, 2010.
Brown, Matthew L. “Westborough’s RCN Taken Private, Name Changed to Sidera.” Worcester Business Journal, September 13, 2010.
Buckley, Sean, “Lightower Snaps up Fibertech in $1.9B All-Cash Deal.” Fierce Network, April 27, 2015.
Buckley, Sean. “Lightower Completes Its $2 Billion Merger with Sidera.” Fierce Network, April 11, 2013.
Buckley, Sean. “Sidera Networks Bolsters Colocation Footprint with Cross Connect Solutions Acquisition.” Fierce Network, November 22, 2010.
Buckley, Sean. “Sidera Networks to Acquire Long Island Fiber Exchange.” Fierce Network, December 13, 2010.
Buckley, Sean. “Zayo Completes Spread Networks Acquisition, Creates New Low-Latency Division.” Fierce Network, March 1, 2018.
Buckley, Sean. “Zayo Gets New York-to-Chicago Low-Latency Route with $127M Spread Networks Deal.” Fierce Network, November 28, 2017.
Burns, Johnathan. “Bankruptcies Continue to Rise in Telecom Service Segment.” Wall Street Journal, February 1, 2002.
Burrough, Bryan, and John Helyar. Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco. Harper & Row, 1989.
Butler, Brandon. “Lightower, NSTAR in Pact.” Worcester Business Journal, January 5, 2011.
Cherney, Elena. “AT&T Canada Reaches Deal with Its Creditors.” Wall Street Journal, October 16, 2002.
Cimilluca, Dana. “A Publicly Traded McLeodUSA: Take III.” Wall Street Journal, March 1, 2007.
Clinton, Chad. “McLeodUSA Draws $200M under $1.3 Billion Credit Line.” Wall Street Journal, November 19, 2001.
“Company News; Adelphia Communications to Spin Off Unit and Cut Debt.” New York Times, November 10, 2001.
“Company News; AT&T to Complete Purchase of AT&T Canada Shares.” New York Times, October 5, 2002.
“Company News; AT&T to Use Mcleodusa Network for Service in 30 Cities.” New York Times, October 31, 1997.
“Company News; McLeodUSA in Acquisitions to Expand Service in West.” New York Times, June 3, 1999.
“Company News; Rogers Says It Will Not Pursue Stake in Unitel.” New York Times, April 20, 1995.
“Con Ed Sells to RCN.” LightReading*,* December 6, 2005.
Coyle, Brian. “McLeodUSA Files IPO to Sell up to $172.5M in Common Stock.” Wall Street Journal, March 23, 2007.
Cummins, Chip, Jathon Sapsford, Paul Beckett, and Thaddeus Herrick. “Watson, Who Long Led Dynegy in Enron’s Shadow, Steps Down.” Wall Street Journal, May 29, 2002.
Darwin, Jennifer. “Dynegy Signs $75 Million Broadband Deal.” Houston Business Journal, May 20, 2001.
Davis, Christina. “Hardened Salesman Turned Hard-Charging CEO | Rob Shanahan President and CEO, Lightower Fiber Networks.” Worcester Business Journal, March 29, 2010.
De Santis, Solange. “MetroNet Nimbly Moved from Obscurity to a Partnership with Powerful AT&T.” Wall Street Journal, March 8, 1999.
De Santis, Solange. “Unitel Expected to Change Name to AT&T Canada.” Wall Street Journal, September 9, 1996.
Deogun, Nikhil, and Stephanie N. Mehta. “Forstmann Little to Invest $1 Billion for 12% Stake in Telephone Carrier.” Wall Street Journal, August 30, 1999.
“Dynegy Exits Telecom.” LightReading*,* January 23, 2003.
“Dynegy Sees Improved Broadband Performance and Continued Energy Growth.” POWERGRID International, October 15, 2001.
“Dynegy Sells Comms to 360networks.” LightReading*,* March 31, 2003.
“Dynegy Sells European Telecom Business.” Midland Daily News, January 22, 2003.
“Dynegy to Acquire European Broadband Outfit.” Houston Business Journal, November 7, 2000.
“Enron Is Latest Company with Plans for a National Fiber-Optic Network.” Wall Street Journal, July 20, 1998.
“Enron, CapRock to Build Fiber Optic Network.” Houston Business Journal, February 4, 1999.
“Enron’s Rise and Fall.” Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2001.
“Ex-Chief of McLeod in $4.4 Million Settlement.” New York Times, July 31, 2006.
Farnsworth, Clyde H. “AT&T Sets Unitel Deal in Canada.” New York Times, January 8, 1993.
Feltner, Kerry. “Leaders at Fibertech Pass the Baton.” Rochester Business Journal, August 14, 2015.
Feltner, Kerry. “Telecom Industry Veteran John Purcell Dies.” Rochester Business Journal, April 10, 2017.
Fisher, Daniel. “Shell Game.” Forbes, January 7, 2002.
Fox, David A. “Adelphia Business Solutions Files Chapter 11.” Nashville Post, March 27, 2002.
Grant, Peter. “RCN Will Sell Cable Systems in New Jersey for $245 Million.” Wall Street Journal, August 28, 2002.
Hardy, Quentin. “Conqueror in the Carnage.” Forbes, March 5, 2001.
Heinzl, Mark. “Manitoba Telecom to Buy Allstream.” Wall Street Journal, March 19, 2004.
Herron, Jeremy. “McLeodUSA Exits Bankruptcy, Names Royce Holland CEO.” Wall Street Journal, January 10, 2006.
Hopkins, Marc. “McLeodUSA Files for Ch. 11 in Chicago, Gets $50 Million in DIP Financing.” Wall Street Journal, October 31, 2005.
Keller, John J. “McLeod to Expand Holdings with Phone Carrier Purchase.” Wall Street Journal, June 16, 1997.
Kirkpatrick, David. “Enron Takes Its Pipeline to the Net.” Fortune, January 24, 2000.
Knight, Chris. “Lightower Fiber Networks to Acquire Lexent Metro Connect.” Pamlico Capital*,* September 14, 2010.
Kovatch, Karen. “Battle Lines Are Drawn, but Who Will Open Fire?” Pittsburgh Business Times, May 26, 1997.
Larson, Eugénie. “AT&T Acquires Velocita.” LightReading, November 11, 2002.
“Lea Fastow Freed from Halfway House.” NBC News*,* July 8, 2005.
Leahy, Michael. “A CEO’s Lesson: What Goes Up . . .” Washington Post, November 9, 2002.
Leahy, Michael. “Boom and Bust: Telecom’s Trajectory a Symbol of an Era.” Seattle Times, November 25, 2002.
“Level 3 Announces $1 Billion TelCove Buy.” New York Times, May 1, 2006.
“Level 3 Announces $1 Billion TelCove Buy.” New York Times, May 1, 2006.
“Level 3 to Buy Dial-Up Asssets of McLeodUSA for $55 Million.” Wall Street Journal, December 7, 2001.
Levensohn, Michael. “DataNet Investors Gain from Buy-In.” Times Herald-Record, September 4, 2004.
Lewis, Michael. Flash Boys. W. W. Norton & Company, March 31, 2014.
“Lightower Fiber Acquires DataNet Communications Group and KeySpan Communications Corp.” Business Wire, March 6, 2008.
McKenna, Maeve. “McLeodUSA Acquires CapRock Communications.” Fiber Optics Online, October 4, 2000.
“McLeod Ends Restructuring, Starts Trading.” Wall Street Journal, April 18, 2002.
“McLeod Executives Resign, Company Restructures.” Springfield Business Journal, August 18, 2005.
“McLeodUSA and Consolidated to Merge in $400 Million Deal.” New York Times, June 17, 1997.
“McLeodUSA CEO Sees Better Days Ahead.” Wall Street Journal, February 22, 2006.
“McLeodUSA Inc. Warns Bankruptcy Possible after Delisting.” Wall Street Journal, June 20, 2005.
“McLeodUSA Names New Chairman.” CNET*,* April 24, 2002.
“McLeodUSA Posts $3.11 Billion Loss Due to Huge Restructuring Charge.” Wall Street Journal, November 15, 2001.
“McLeodUSA Shares Plummet 31% after Firm Lowers Its Projections.” Wall Street Journal, May 4, 2001.
McMillan, Dan. “Ex-GST Boss Founds New Telecom Firm.” Portland Business Journal, June 6, 1999.
McMillan, Dan. “Warta Ventures Bags $700M.” Portland Business Journal, November 14, 1999.
Mehta, Stephanie N. “McLeodUSA Unveils Plan to Purchase SplitRock in $1.75 Billion Stock Deal.” Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2000.
Meier, Barry. “Corporate Conduct: The Overview; 2 Guilty in Fraud at a Cable Giant.” New York Times, July 9, 2004.
Mullins, Robert. “AT&T, McLeod Bring Big Resources to Local Phone Race.” Milwaukee Business Journal, January 24, 1999.
Murphy, Kate, and Alexei Barrionuevo. “Fastow Sentenced to 6 Years.” New York Times, September 27, 2006.
“National Grid Wireless Changes Name to Lightower.” Converge! Network Digest, August 16, 2007.
“National Grid: M/C Venture Partners and Wachovia Capital Partners to Buy National Grid Wireless US for $290 Million.” Reuters, August 9, 2007.
“No AT&T Stake in AT&T Canada.” Wall Street Journal, November 7, 2002.
Noguchi, Yuki. “PF.Net Communications to Change Name.” Washington Post, December 21, 2000.
Noguchi, Yuki. “The Optimist.” Washington Post, December 24, 2000.
Norris, Floyd. “Dynegy Chief Is Much Richer for Being Forced Out.” New York Times, May 30, 2002.
Paterik, Stephanie. “Dynegy Moves to Allay Worries with $2 Billion Liquidity Plan.” Wall Street Journal, June 25, 2002.
Perin, Monica. “Dynegy Fulfills Broadband Goal with Agreement to Acquire Extant.” Houston Business Journal, August 6, 2000.
Peters, Jeremy W., and Simon Romero. “Enron Founder Dies before Sentencing.” New York Times, July 5, 2006.
Philyaw, Jason. “McLeodUSA in Recapitalization Agreements with Forstmann.” Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2001.
“Pickle Resigns at Teligent to Join Fiber-Optic Firm.” Wall Street Journal, September 12, 2000.
Powell, Rob. “Windstream Files Chapter 11.” Telecom Ramblings, February 25, 2019.
Powell, Rob. “Windstream Pounces, to Acquire PAETEC.” Telecom Ramblings, August 1, 2011.
“Private Equity Firm Acquires Broadband Provider.” New York Times, March 5, 2010.
“RCN Closes Neon Deal.” LightReading, November 13, 2007.
“RCN Set to Emerge from Chapter 11.” Converge! Network Digest, December 7, 2004.
“RCN to acquire NEON Communications Group.” Lightwave, June 25, 2007.
“RCN’s McCourt to Quit CEO Post, Remain Chairman.” Wall Street Journal, July 21, 2004.
“Rebuilt McLeodUSA Faces Funding Questions.” Wall Street Journal, April 4, 2003.
Rifkin, Glenn. “John J. Rigas, Cable TV Magnate Who Pillaged His Company, Dies at 96.” New York Times, September 30, 2021.
“Rogers Wireless to Drop AT&T Brand.” Wall Street Journal, December 2, 2003.
Roush, Matt. “McLeod Dials up New Presence in Local Market.” Crain’s Detroit Business, October 18, 1999.
Santo, Brian. “Crown Castle Gets ‘Crown Jewel’ Lightower for $7.1B.” Fierce Network, July 19, 2017.
“SBA Communications Corporation Agrees to Acquire Light Tower Wireless LLC.” GlobeNewswire*,* July 22, 2008.
Scannell, Kara. “Forstmann Little Details Plan to Restructure McLeodUSA.” Wall Street Journal, December 4, 2001.
Scannell, Kara. “Forstmann Little Will Give McLeod $100 Million More.” Wall Street Journal, August 2, 2001.
“Settlement Proposed in McLeodUSA Shareholder Lawsuits.” Wall Street Journal, September 20, 2006.
Sorkin, Andrew Ross. “A Bold Gambler Ups the Ante despite Long Odds.” New York Times, August 2, 2001.
Sorkin, Andrew Ross. “Business; Will He Be K.O.’d by XO? Forstmann Enters the Ring, Again.” New York Times, February 24, 2002.
Steiner, Christopher. “Wall Street’s Speed War.” Forbes, September 9, 2010.
Stevens, Matt, and Matthew Haag. “Jeffrey Skilling, Former Enron Chief, Released after 12 Years in Prison.” New York Times, February 22, 2019.
Taub, Steven. “Ex-Dynegy Finance Pair Get Prison Terms.” CFO Magazine, January 6, 2006.
“Technology Briefing | Telecommunications: Adelphia Pact with Former Unit Approved.” New York Times, March 24, 2004.
“Technology Briefing | Telecommunications: RCN Files for Bankruptcy Protection.” New York Times, May 28, 2004.
“Technology Briefing | Telecommunications: RCN Plans to Exit Bankruptcy.” New York Times, August 24, 2004.
“telMAX Announces Michael Strople as CEO.” PR Newswire, January 3, 2024.
“Theodore Forstmann, 1940–2011: The Pioneer of Private Equity.” The Week, January 8, 2015.
“Three Dynegy Executives Indicted for Conspiracy and Fraud.” New York Times, June 12, 2003.
“Time Warner Buys Enron Fiber.” LightReading, January 25, 2004.
Tsau, Wendy. “AT&T Canada’s Restructuring Plan Wins Court Approval.” Wall Street Journal, February 26, 2003.
“United States v. Scott Yeager.” US Department of Justice Criminal Division*.* https://www.justice.gov/criminal/criminal-vns/case/united-states-v-scott-yeager.
US Securities and Exchange Commission. “McLeodUSA Incorporated.” Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Release No. 50385. Accounting and Auditing Enforcement, Release No. 2103. Administrative Proceeding, File No. 3-11662. September 15, 2004.
“Utility Owner Sells Stake in Fiber Optic Venture.” New York Times, April 22, 2004.
“Vancouver-Based Electric Lightwave Sells for $1.4 Billion.” The Oregonian, November 30, 2016.
“Velocita Seeks Bankruptcy Protection, Exits Telecom Services.” Washington Post, June 5, 2002.
“Velocita to Build Second Phase of AT&T’s Next Generation Network.” Fiber Optics Online, February 15, 2001.
“Witness: Enron Broadband Software ‘Pixie Dust.’” NBC News*,* April 21, 2005.
“Zayo to Acquire Allstream.” Business Wire, November 23, 2015.